1
Q
Stroboscopic movement
A
Motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images.
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2
Q
Interposition
A
Overlapping images appear closer.
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3
Q
Relative Size
A
2 objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away.
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4
Q
Relative Clarity
A
Hazy objects appear further away.
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5
Q
Texture Gradient
A
Coarser (rough) objects are closer.
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6
Q
Relative Height
A
Things higher in our field of vision look further away.
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7
Q
Linear Perspective
A
Parallel lines are converged (tend to meet) with distance (think railroad tracks). THINK OF THE ROAD DRAWINGS YOU MADE AS A KID WHERE THE ROAD GETS SMALLER WHEN THE LINES GET CLOSER TOGETHER AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE.
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8
Q
Retinal Disparity
A
Image is cast slightly different on each retinal location of image helps us determine depth.
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9
Q
Convergence
A
Eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw nearer. CROSS-EYED.
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10
Q
Outer Ear
A
Ear, Auditory canal.
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11
Q
Middle Ear
A
Ear drum, HAS bones that vibrate to send signal.
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12
Q
Inner Ear
A
Cochlea (sounds 1st processed here).
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13
Q
Theories of Hearing occur where?
A
In the COCHLEA.
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14
Q
Place theory
A
Location where hair cells bends determines sound (high pitches).
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15
Q
Frequency theory
A
Rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches).
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16
Q
Pain -> Gate-Control theory
A
We have to “gate” to control how much pain is experienced.
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17
Q
Kinesthetic
A
Sense of body position.
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18
Q
Vestibular
A
A sense of balance (semicircular canals in the inner ear affect this).
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19
Q
Taste (gustation)
A
5 taste receptors:
1. Bitter
2 Salty
3. Sweet
4. Sour
5. Umami (savory)
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20
Q
Smell (olfaction)
A
Only sense that does NOT route through the Thalamus 1st. Goes to temporal Lobe and Amygdala.
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21
Q
Figure/ground
A
Organize information into figures object (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (back ground).
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22
Q
Closure
A
Tendency to mentally fill in gaps.
TO CLOSE.
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23
Q
Proximity
A
Tendency to group things together that appear near each other.
APPROXIMATELY THIS CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
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24
Q
Similarity
A
Tendency to group things together based on looks.
“They look similar because of their clothes.”
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25
Q
Continuity
A
Tendency to mentally form a continuous line.
CONTINUING THE LINE.
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26
Q
Beta Waves
A
Awake.
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27
Q
Alpha Waves
A
High amp drowsy.
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28
Q
Stage 1
A
Usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5% of a normal night of sleep.
Consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency).
LIGHT SLEEP.
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29
Q
Stage 2
A
Occupies approximately 45%-60% of sleep.
BURSTS OF SLEEP SPINDLES.
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30
Q
Stage 3
A
Delta Waves: Deep sleep
- lasts 15-30 minutes
- called “slow wave” sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the “theta” rhythm of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called “Delta.”
- Delta sleep is the deepest stage of sleep and occupies up to 40% of all children.
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31
Q
Stage 4
A
Extremely deep sleep
- similar to stage 3
- Delta and slow wave are most used terms to describe this deep, slow sleep
- a sleep deprived person’s brain craves Delta sleep
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32
Q
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) - Stage 5
A
ACTIVE STAGE OF SLEEP
- composes 20-255 of a normal night’s sleep
- Breathing, heart rate and the brain wave activity quicken
- Vivid dreams can occur
- lasts longer throughout the night
FROM REM SLEEP YOU GO BACK TO STAGE 2.
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33
Q
Freud’s Unconscious Wish Fulfillment
A
Dreaming is gratification of unconscious desires and needs.
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34
Q
Activation Synthesis
A
The brain produces random bursts of energy - stimulating lodged memories. Dreams start randomly, then develop meaning.
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35
Q
Psychoactive Drugs
A
Triggers dopamine release in the brain.
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36
Q
Depressants
A
Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opiates (narcotics), Decrease sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive.
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37
Q
Stimulants
A
Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), Caffeine, Nicotine, Increase sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive.
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38
Q
Hallucinogens
A
LSD, Marijuana - Causes hallucinations, not very addictive.
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39
Q
Tolerance
A
Needing more of a drug to achieve the same effects.
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40
Q
Dependence
A
Become addicted to the drug - must have it to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
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41
Q
Withdrawal
A
Psychological and physiological symptoms associated with sudden stoppage.
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42
Q
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A
Brings about response without needing to be learned (food).
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43
Q
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A
Response that naturally occurs without training (salivate).
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44
Q
Neutral Response (NS)
A
Stimulus that normally doesn’t evoke a response (bell).
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45
Q
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A
Once neutral stimulus that now brings about a response (bell).
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46
Q
Conditioned Response (CR)
A
Response that, after conditioning, follows a CS (salivate).
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47
Q
Contiguity
A
Timing of the pairing, NS/CS must be presented immediately BEFORE the US.
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48
Q
Acquisition
A
Process of learning the response pairing.
49
Q
Extinction
A
Previously conditioned response dies out over time.
50
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
A
After a period of time, the CR comes back out of nowhere.
51
Q
Generalization
A
CR to like stimuli (similar sounding bell).
52
Q
Discrimination
A
CR to ONLY the CS.
53
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
SKINNER!!!!
54
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
IVAN PAVLOV!!!!
55
Q
Law of Effect (Thorndike)
A
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, negative outcomes weaken a behavior.
56
Q
Positive Reinforcement
A
Adding something nice to increase a behavior (gold star for turning in HW).
57
Q
Negative Reinforcement
A
Taking something bad/annoying away to increase a behavior (put on the seatbelt to take away annoying car signal).
58
Q
Positive Punishment
A
Add something bad to decrease a behavior (spanking).
59
Q
Negative Punishment
A
Take away something good to decrease a behavior (take away car keys).
60
Q
Primary Reinforcers
A
Innately satisfying (food and water).
61
Q
Secondary Reinforcers
A
Everything else (stickers, high-fives).
62
Q
Token Reinforcer
A
Type of secondary reinforcer - can be exchanged for other stuff (game tokens or money).
63
Q
Generalization
A
Respond to similar stimulus for reward.
64
Q
Discrimination
A
Stimulus signals when behavior will or will not be reinforced (light on means response are accepted).
65
Q
Extinction/Spontaneous Recovery
A
Same as Classical conditioning.
66
Q
Overjustification Effect
A
Reinforcing behaviors that are intrinsically motivating causes you to stop doing them (give a child $5 for reading when they already like to read - they stop reading).
67
Q
Shaping
A
Use successive approximations to train behavior (reward desired behaviors to teach a response - rat basketball).
68
Q
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A
Reward every _ number of responses (every 10 envelopes stuffed get $$).
69
Q
Fixed Interval Schedule
A
Reward every _ amount of time passed (every 2 weeks get a paycheck).
70
Q
Variable Ratio Schedule
A
Rewarded after a random number of responses (slot machine)
71
Q
Variable Interval Schedule
A
Rewarded after a random amount of time has passed (fishing).
72
Q
Variable Schedules are most resistant to what?
A
EXTINCTION!
73
Q
Method of Loci
A
Using locations to remember a list of items in order.
74
Q
Context of dependent memory
A
Where you learn the info you best remember the info.
74
Q
Storage
A
Retaining info over time.
74
Q
Information Processing Model
A
Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory model.
75
Q
Sensory Memory
A
Stores all incoming stimuli that you received (first you have to pay attention). INVOLVES THE FIVE SENSES.
76
Q
Iconic Memory
A
Visual memory, last 0.3 seconds.
77
Q
Echoic Memory
A
Auditory memory, lasts 2-3 seconds.
78
Q
Short Term Memory
A
Info passes from sensory memory to short term memory - lasts 30 seconds and can remember about 7 items.
79
Q
Long Term Memory
A
Memory that can be stored for a sustained period of time.
80
Q
Rehearsal
A
Repeating the information.
Resets the clock… recently rehearsed items move up the clock for how long it will be remembered.
81
Q
Semantic Memory
A
Long term memory from meaning, understanding, and conceptual facts.
82
Q
Implicit Memory
A
(Nondeclarative) - unconscious recollection of memory.
83
Q
Priming
A
Info that is seen earlier “primes” you to remember something later on.
84
Q
Procedural
A
Skills + Memory Organization
85
Q
Hierarchies
A
Memory is stored according to a hierarchy.
86
Q
Schemas
A
Preexisting mental concept of how something should look (like a restaurant). MEMORY STORAGE.
87
Q
Cerebellum
A
For procedural memories.
88
Q
Long-term potentiation
A
Neutral basis of memory - connections are strengthened over time with repeated stimulation (more firing of neurons).
89
Q
Retrieval
A
Taking info out of storage.
90
Q
Serial Position Effect
A
Tendency to remember the beginning and the end of the list best.
91
Q
Recall
A
Remember what you’ve been told without cues.
92
Q
Recognition
A
Remember what you’ve been told without cues (MC).
93
Q
Flashbulb memories
A
Particularly vivid memories for highly important events (9/11 attacks).
94
Q
Repressed memories
A
unconsciously buried memories - are unreliable.
95
Q
Encoding failure
A
Forget info because you never encoded it (paid attention to it) in the first place.
96
Q
Forgetting curve
A
Recall decreases rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau after which little more is forgotten (EBBINGHAUS).
97
Q
Proactive interference
A
Old information blocks new information.
98
Q
Retroactive interference
A
New info blocks old information.
99
Q
Misinformation effect
A
Distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation (Loftus - lost in the mall, Disneyland).
100
Q
Anterograde Amnesia
A
Information moves forward (forget new info - 50 first dates).
101
Q
Retrograde Amnesia
A
Amnesia moves backwards (forget old info).
102
Q
Alzheimer’s Disease
A
Caused by destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus.
103
Q
Parkinson’s Disease
A
Loss of dopamine.
104
Q
Multiple Sclerosis
A
Myelin Sheath degenerates.
105
Q
Phonemes
A
Smallest unit of sound (ch sound in chat).
106
Q
Morpheme
A
Smallest unit that carries meaning (syllable).
107
Q
Grammar
A
Rules in a language that enable us to communicate.
108
Q
Semantics
A
Set of rules by which we derive meaning (adding -ed makes something past tense).
109
Q
Syntax
A
Rules for combining words into sentences.
110
Q
Babbling Stage
A
Infants babble 1st stage of speech.
111
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
Reinforced for language use.
112
Q
Inborn Universal Grammar
A
Theory comes from NOAM CHOMSKY
- says that language is innate and we are predisposed to learn it.
113
Q
Critical Period
A
Period of time where something must be learned or else it cannot ever happen (language must be learned young - Genie the Wild Child).
114
Q
Linguistic Determinism
A
Language influences the way we think.
Developed by WHORF.
115
Q
Concepts
A
Mental categories used to group objects, events, characteristics.
116
Q
Prototypes
A
All instances of a concept are compared to an ideal example (what you first think of).
117
Q
Algorithims
A
Step by step strategies that guarantee a solution (formula).
